Genetic modification of maize has been occurring for thousands of years. Effects of planting timing on maize productivity in zambia. Establishment is critical for achieving optimum crop growth. The anatomy of a maize plant and development of a hybrid a mature maize plant has three visible reproductive system components. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 997k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. A field experiment to determine the effect of plant population densities on maize was conducted at the agricultural research institute, dera ismail khan, in mid july 2009. Maize and soybean experiments were conducted similarly, but as separate experiments. In the experiments of williams and davis 1984, plant height and yield decreased in susceptible hybrids as. Maize, teosinte and maize x teosinte introgression lines, consisting of about 700 plants, were planted, inoculated with a strain of u. Plant at a shallower depth in heavier soil than in sandy soil. Latin american maize germplasm regeneration and conservation. Assessment of important plant disease of major crops sorghum.
There are a number of biotic and abiotic factors those affect maize yield considerably. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Assessment on major diseases of maize, sorghum, coffee haricot bean, mung bean and cow pea was undertaken at south omo zone south ari, and benatsemay woreda and segen peoples zone konsso woreda. Cut the maize stalks to one foot above the ground then place the stalk on the ground to cover the soil mulch. Soil preparation and planting i seed preparation ii planting and population density 7.
This document provides an overview of baseline biological information relevant to risk. Measuring maize plant population back to technical insights. Botany maize zea mays is a thickstemmed annual grass, usually with a single stem, one to four meters tall, with one or more tillers. Plant population may be measured to determine the accuracy of planting and to determine the magnitude of population loss. Maize zea mays is an annual plant which belongs to family gramineae and genus zea. All other taxa are commonly and collectively referred to as teosintes. However, there are limitations to increasing plant population under humid, tropical conditions. Icarnational bureau of plant genetic resources, regional station, shillong, india. Some maize varieties especially modern varieties do not tiller much even at low plant densities and very often produce only one ear per plant. The domesticated crop originated in the americas and is one of the most widely distributed of the worlds food crops. Drought affected maize cob drying on the plant in a farm because of drought.
If you are planting beans with your maize do not use guardian max. Caterpillar behaviors such as feeding, crawling, and oviposition are known to induce defenses in maize and other plant species. Maize is an annual grass plant ranging in height from 40 cm up to five metres. The closeup of maize cobs on plant young maize plant isolated. Maize plants recognize herbivoreassociated cues from. The maize plants rate of development how fast it grows from planting time to time of harvest is mainly determined by temperature. Center of origin mexico, central america earliest plant breeders women important source of human and animal sustenance the miracle of maize is manifested in the thousands of ways that the grain has been used for years. Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. Taxonomy of maize kingdom plantae subkingdom tracheobionta vascular plant superdivision spermatophyta seed plant division magnoliophyta flowering plant class liliopsida monocotyledon subclass commelinidae order cyperales family poaceae grass family genus zea species zea mays sunspecies z. With the growing age of plant, leaves in the whorl become chlorotic and in turn the chlorotic areas in leaves turn red or purple.
Each ton of grain produced removes 15,0 to 18,0 kg of nitrogen, 2,5 to 3,0 kg of phosphorus and 3,0 to 4,0 kg of potassium from the soil. In each planting hole put a bottle top full of fertiliser, mix with soil, plant one certified maize hybrid seed and then cover with soil. Most is used to make corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and corn syrup. Eco food concept drought affected maizecorn drying on plant. Nafziger encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 1. On the basis of their research work berzsenyi and lap 2005 have found that optimal plant density varied between 67 483 and 70 161 plants ha1 regarding the average of the involved hybrids. Maize develops much slower during the cooler months than in the hot summer months. Dent corn zea mays indentata sturt it is popularly known as dent corn. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits. To convert measurements to a per hectare basis, multiply by 2. Growth stage 10 is when the plant is biologically mature. Plant population per unit area is more important than row spacing. Improved endurance in high stands has allowed maize to intercept and use solar radiation more efficiently, contributing to the remarkable increase in.
Considering the nutritive values of corn and entire plant, it is very popularly. Maize dwarf mosaic virus sugarcane mosaic virus, transmitted by aphids, myzus persicae. Oct 26, 2016 maize is the common name of zea mays subsp. In subsaharan africa, tropical maize has traditionally been the main staple of the diet.
Maize is a crop par excellence for food, feed and industrial utilization. Hybrid dk190mg was grown at the commonest plant density used at each landscape position approximately 5. Growing and feeding maize silage for better returns beef and sheep brp manual 10. A greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain.
Maize and sorghum are the major cereal crops in south omo and segen peoples zone. It encompasses 28 chapters contributed by 56 wellknown authorscoauthors. Growing maize in nigeria choice of land any well drained sandy loam or loamy soil can be used for planting maize but if in doubt, contact your nearest extension office or agroservice center. The use of narrow row spacing for the different landscape positions of a field could punish maize zea mays l. There have been four principal and several minor theories regarding the origin of maize. Physiology of maize chapter 5 maize cudtivation chapter chapter chapter i climatic requirements 11 soils 6. Immediately after planting spray guardian max at the rate of 200ml 20l knapsack for 14 acre directly on moist soil. Annals of botany, volume 109, issue 7, june 2012, pages viiviii, 10. The domestication of maize, apart from being an impressive feat, has long been a topic of research and a challenging story to tease apart. Sensitivity of photosynthesis in a c4 plant, maize, to. Pdf effect of plant population densities on yield of maize.
The book shapes the current bigger picture of the maize plant and puts its biology back into the. Maize plants are efficient harvesters of sunlight and make. We examined plant defense responses to another important caterpillar behavior, their defecation. Growth stage 0 lasts from planting the seed up to when the seedling is just visible above the soil surface. You can now wait for the maize to grow and harvest. Fall armyworms faw, spodoptera frugiperda, a major threat to maize zea mays, are voracious eaters and deposit copious amounts of frass in the enclosed whorl tissue. Diseases in maize plant diseases biology discussion. Unesco eolss sample chapters soils, plant growth and crop production vol. Maize is thought to have originated at least 5000 years ago in the highlands of mexico, peru, ecuador, andor bolivia because of the great density of native forms found in the region. Unlike all other major grain crops, the corn plant has separate male and female flowering parts. Early competition shapes maize wholeplant development in. Aug 26, 2015 caterpillar behaviors such as feeding, crawling, and oviposition are known to induce defenses in maize and other plant species.
Plant height decreases as the number of eggs per plant increases, through the damage caused by the larvae davis et al. As not much work has been done on the effect of plant population on maize hybrids, the present study was designed to find out better variety and proper plant population for obtaining maximum yield of maize in nwfp. It is monoecious and diclinous, with male and female inflorescences born separately on the same plant. Primary root aborts after germination, and is replaced by fibrous adventitious ones from the base of stem. In the postgenomics era, this wellwritten and excellently structured book sets the tone for the technological opportunities to come in using the nearcompleted maize genome reference sequence. Indias maize production is in between 1014 million tones, with 80 90% of the production being in the kharif season. Our objective was to determine the sensitivity of components of the photosynthetic apparatus of maize zea mays, a c4 plant, to high temperature stress. Colorful and crisp image of young maize plant isolated maize field with maize plant and cob maize plant. The word maize derives from the spanish form of the indigenous taino word for the plant, mahiz. It is true that yield is the end product but the plant must go through a number of stages to produce yield. Root maize has shallow, fibrous roots that grow to a maximum depth of only 50. Maize simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
As outlined in the preface, the book is a conceptual roundup of what we know now, what we will know soon, and where the maize researchers are headed for a great variety of questions concerning plant form, development, growth and responses to the. Maize become more susceptible to pests and diseases when temperature, rainfall, and humidity are high. In addition to the basic a chromosome complement, maize plants may contain one or. It is divided into eight groups on the basis of the endosperm of kernels. This book is the first of four volumes forming the new handbook of maize. Understanding this process wont necessarily put money in your pocket, but by knowing when yield components are.
Pdf n distribution in maize plant as a marker for grain. Kings works closely with leading plant breeders to secure seed of the highest quality and carefully select varieties that best suit the requirements of a game crop, whilst offering options for all budgets and situations. Province have learned from experience to plant maize a few days after the second large rainfall of the year, which is to represent the judged the start of wet season. Maize has 11 separate growth stages, numbered 0 to 10. Affordable and search from millions of royalty free images, photos and vectors. Early infested plants produce long chlorotic streaks along the veins at the base of the leaf lamina. Plant physiology critical stages in the life of a corn plant.
As well as containing vital nutrients, the starch in maize also provides cows with the energy they need to produce milk andor meat. Regeneration, in situ conservation, core collection, and prebreeding. Closeup of a green leaf from maize plant in the field the closeup of maize cobs on plant. An overview of the growth stages of the maize plant, from planting the seed to maturity. No other crop utilises sunlight more effectively than maize, and its. Database, provided by ars systematic botany and mycology laboratory. Response of maize zea mays lvarieties to planting densities. Understanding this process wont necessarily put money in your pocket, but by knowing when yield components are determined helps to interpret. Maize seedlings are competitively weaker than wheat, which was already 50cm tall at the maize seedling stage. Land preparation use any method mechanical, chemical and manual that can adequately remove weeds and keep the soil loose for good seedbed.
Maize beings highly cross pollinated crop requires special efforts to maintain its genetic purity. Below are some guidelines in choosing the optimal planting density and plant spacing for maize in the tropics. Corn, zea mays, also called indian corn or maize, cereal plant of the grass family and its edible grain. T 1 40000 plants ha 1, t 2 60000 plant ha 1, t 3 80000 plants ha 1, t 4 00 plants ha 1, t 5 120,000 plants ha 1 and t.
Technical insight 330 measuring maize plant population. Maize anatomy and the anatomy of a maze awkward botany. Maize is cultivated at latitudes 50 degrees north and south, and even slightly higher from the equator. Dec 24, 2015 an overview of the growth stages of the maize plant, from planting the seed to maturity. The word corn outside north america, australia, and new zealand refers to any cereal crop, its meaning understood to vary geographically to refer to the local staple. There are a great number of varieties in terms of size, but the most. Assessment of important plant disease of major crops. May 10, 20 maize yield is closely related to plant population. Evaluation of different maize varieties zea mays l. The studied hybrid produced maximal yield by a plant densities of 81 700 plants ha1 or even higher. Dent corn zea mays indentata sturtit is popularly known as dent corn. Eco food concept drought affected maize corn drying on plant. The book shapes the current bigger picture of the maize plant and puts its biology back into the minds of maize geneticists and breeders.
Maize plant stock photos download 38,306 royalty free photos. Dec 31, 2015 plant at a shallower depth in heavier soil than in sandy soil. Maize is widely cultivated cereal grain that was domesticated in central america. This article looks at a few points that you should bear in mind. Two experiments were conducted 200607 and 200708 at different landscape positions in the inland pampas of argentina. The problem with such mentality, the incidence of these diseases continues to increase, especially under the present actively changing circumstances in agriculture when new germplasm is almost freely moving throughout all environments, agronomic practices are changing, and there is a conspicuous expansion of area where maize is being grown due to an increased demand. N distribution in maize plant as a marker for grain yield and limits on its remobilization after flowering article pdf available in plant breeding 25 march 20 with 179 reads. Therefore, maize does not have the flexibility of most. Selecting appropriate fields is crucial to manage this risk.
Introduction maize zea mays l is the most important and most widely distributed cereal in the world after wheat and rice. Proceedings of a workshop held at cimmyt, june 16, 1996. This document provides an overview of baseline biological information relevant to risk assessment of genetically modified forms of the species that may be released into the. Location a maize plant needs heat to reach maturity. Maize is further organized in the genus zea, a group of annual and peren. For each pot size, plants were divided into two watering regimes, a wellwatered control and a waterdeficit regime. This is because the corn plant is less capable of adjustment to a poor stand than other members of the grass family. Beef and sheep brp manual 10 growing and feeding maize silage. Maize or corn zea mays is a plant belonging to the family of grasses poaceae. Maize called corn in some countries is zea mays, a member of the grass family poaceae.
Center of origin mexico, central america earliest plant breeders women important source of human and animal sustenance the miracle of maize is manifested in the thousands. As shown here, maize adapts by shade avoidance, which might have acted to mitigate the yield losses that could possibly have occurred, due to shading by wheat, if shade avoidance had not taken place. Maize is the third most important food crop in the world surpassed only by two other grains, wheat and rice kyenpia et al. Measure the amount of distance to give 11,000 th of an acre table 1 and draw another parallel line across the same. When harvesting maize for whole crop silage it is essential to conserve 100% as this is your base for the coming year. Growth and production of maize encyclopedia of life support. Fall armyworms faw, spodoptera frugiperda, a major threat to maize zea mays, are voracious eaters and deposit copious amounts of frass in the enclosed whorl. It is a cereal grain which was first grown by people in ancient central america.